LT4335 strings

LT4335 strings.
Version of 8 July 2011.
Home.

By a string is meant a sequence of bits, not the character string directly supported in many environments. Rather, on this machine the character string is a higher-order abstraction that the programmer might choose to implement; the same goes for the character itself. Consequently, the LT4335 does not have a native character set.

The string type is the best choice when the programmer wants to manipulate raw bits, because many instructions for the integer and float types perform formatting automatically.

The bits in a register are numbered 0…255; if only a portion of them are needed, the higher-numbered bits are omitted.

In the instruction descriptions:

b⁹ and b¹² are sequences of 9 and 12 bits, as interpreted in the tables below
u⁸ is an unsigned 8-bit integer (0…255)
s⁹ is a signed 9-bit integer (−255…+255 or null).

Interpretation of b⁹
if… then… if… then…
b₀…b₈ = 0⁹ see details at instruction description b₅…b₈ = 1000 b₀…b₄ is the 5-bit string to use
b₀…b₈ = 10⁸ the string to use will be of zero size b₆…b₈ = 100 b₀…b₅ is the 6-bit string to use
b₁…b₈ = 10⁷ b₀ is the 1-bit string to use b₇…b₈ = 10 b₀…b₆ is the 7-bit string to use
b₂…b₈ = 10⁶ b₀…b₁ is the 2-bit string to use b₈ = 1 b₀…b₇ is the 8-bit string to use
b₃…b₈ = 10⁵ b₀…b₂ is the 3-bit string to use b_n…b₈ = 10⁸⁻ⁿ b₀…b_n−1 is the n-bit string to use
b₄…b₈ = 10⁴ b₀…b₃ is the 4-bit string to use

Interpretation of b⁹
if…	then…		if…	then…
b₀…b₈ = 0⁹	see details at instruction description	b₅…b₈ = 1000	b₀…b₄ is the 5-bit string to use
b₀…b₈ = 10⁸	the string to use will be of zero size	b₆…b₈ = 100	b₀…b₅ is the 6-bit string to use
b₁…b₈ = 10⁷	b₀ is the 1-bit string to use	b₇…b₈ = 10	b₀…b₆ is the 7-bit string to use
b₂…b₈ = 10⁶	b₀…b₁ is the 2-bit string to use	b₈ = 1	b₀…b₇ is the 8-bit string to use
b₃…b₈ = 10⁵	b₀…b₂ is the 3-bit string to use	b_n…b₈ = 10⁸⁻ⁿ	b₀…b_n−1 is the n-bit string to use
b₄…b₈ = 10⁴	b₀…b₃ is the 4-bit string to use

Interpretation of b¹²
if… then… if… then…
b₀…b₁₁ = 0¹² see details at instruction description b₆…b₁₁ = 10⁵ b₀…b₅ is the 6-bit string to use
b₀…b₁₁ = 10¹¹ the string to use will be of zero size b₇…b₁₁ = 10⁴ b₀…b₆ is the 7-bit string to use
b₁…b₁₁ = 10¹⁰ b₀ is the 1-bit string to use b₈…b₁₁ = 1000 b₀…b₇ is the 8-bit string to use
b₂…b₁₁ = 10⁹ b₀…b₁ is the 2-bit string to use b₉…b₁₁ = 100 b₀…b₈ is the 9-bit string to use
b₃…b₁₁ = 10⁸ b₀…b₂ is the 3-bit string to use b₁₀…b₁₁ = 10 b₀…b₉ is the 10-bit string to use
b₄…b₁₁ = 10⁷ b₀…b₃ is the 4-bit string to use b₁₁ = 1 b₀…b₁₀ is the 11-bit string to use
b₅…b₁₁ = 10⁶ b₀…b₄ is the 5-bit string to use b_n…b₁₁ = 10¹¹⁻ⁿ b₀…b_n−1 is the n-bit string to use

Interpretation of b¹²
if…	then…		if…	then…
b₀…b₁₁ = 0¹²	see details at instruction description	b₆…b₁₁ = 10⁵	b₀…b₅ is the 6-bit string to use
b₀…b₁₁ = 10¹¹	the string to use will be of zero size	b₇…b₁₁ = 10⁴	b₀…b₆ is the 7-bit string to use
b₁…b₁₁ = 10¹⁰	b₀ is the 1-bit string to use	b₈…b₁₁ = 1000	b₀…b₇ is the 8-bit string to use
b₂…b₁₁ = 10⁹	b₀…b₁ is the 2-bit string to use	b₉…b₁₁ = 100	b₀…b₈ is the 9-bit string to use
b₃…b₁₁ = 10⁸	b₀…b₂ is the 3-bit string to use	b₁₀…b₁₁ = 10	b₀…b₉ is the 10-bit string to use
b₄…b₁₁ = 10⁷	b₀…b₃ is the 4-bit string to use	b₁₁ = 1	b₀…b₁₀ is the 11-bit string to use
b₅…b₁₁ = 10⁶	b₀…b₄ is the 5-bit string to use	b_n…b₁₁ = 10¹¹⁻ⁿ	b₀…b_n−1 is the n-bit string to use

Sometimes the size of a string is represented by a signed integer; an exception will be thrown in response to a requested string size greater than 255, less than 0, or null.

Many of the get, put, and get-and-put instructions involve an offset. This number, when added to the address of the next physical instruction (which equals the address of the current instruction plus 17), gives the address in genspace whence to read data, or whither to write it.

Get. (see also integer and float) The first instruction (SG_E) pushes an embedded string of as many as eleven bits; the others push strings found in genspace.

SG_E string get, value embedded b¹²_10_001
Pulled: none
Pushed:
• #0 string: data retrieved
b¹² is the string to be retrived. An exception is thrown if b¹² = 0¹².
SG_AE string get, absolute address, size embedded u⁸_000_10_1101 SG_AR string get, absolute address, all operands in registers 0⁸_000_10_1101
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer: the address to read in genspace
Pushed:
• #0 string: data retrieved
u⁸ is how many bits to read. If zero, SG_AR is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer: the address to read in genspace
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: how many bits to read
Pushed:
• #0 string: data retrieved
SG_AE_Y string get, absolute address, size embedded, synchronized u⁸_100_10_1101 SG_AR_Y string get, absolute address, all operands in registers, synchronized 0⁸_100_10_1101
Same as SG_AE, plus synchronization. If u⁸ is zero, SG_AR_Y is performed instead. Same as SG_AR, plus synchronization.
SG_RO string get, relative address, offset embedded s⁹_01_10_1101
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer in 0…255: how many bits to retrieve
Pushed:
• #0 string: data retrieved
s⁹ is the offset.
SG_RS string get, relative address, size embedded u⁸_010_10_1101 SG_RR string get, relative address, all operands in registers 0⁸_010_10_1101
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer: offset
Pushed:
• #0 string: data retrieved
u⁸ is how many bits to retrieve. If zero, SG_RR is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer: offset
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: how many bits to retrieve
Pushed:
• #0 string: data retrieved
SG_RO_Y string get, relative address, offset embedded, synchronized s⁹_11_10_1101
Same as SG_RO, plus synchronization.
SG_RS_Y string get, relative address, size embedded, synchronized u⁸_110_10_1101 SG_RR_Y string get, relative address, all operands in registers, synchronized 0⁸_110_10_1101
Same as SG_RS, plus synchronization. If u⁸ is zero, SG_RR_Y is performed instead. Same as SG_RR, plus synchronization.

SG_E	string get, value embedded	b¹²_10_001
Pulled: none Pushed: • #0 string: data retrieved b¹² is the string to be retrived. An exception is thrown if b¹² = 0¹².
SG_AE	string get, absolute address, size embedded	u⁸_000_10_1101	SG_AR	string get, absolute address, all operands in registers	0⁸_000_10_1101
Pulled: • #0 signed integer: the address to read in genspace Pushed: • #0 string: data retrieved u⁸ is how many bits to read. If zero, SG_AR is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 signed integer: the address to read in genspace • #1 signed integer in 0…255: how many bits to read Pushed: • #0 string: data retrieved
SG_AE_Y	string get, absolute address, size embedded, synchronized	u⁸_100_10_1101	SG_AR_Y	string get, absolute address, all operands in registers, synchronized	0⁸_100_10_1101
Same as SG_AE, plus synchronization. If u⁸ is zero, SG_AR_Y is performed instead.	Same as SG_AR, plus synchronization.
SG_RO	string get, relative address, offset embedded	s⁹_01_10_1101
Pulled: • #0 signed integer in 0…255: how many bits to retrieve Pushed: • #0 string: data retrieved s⁹ is the offset.
SG_RS	string get, relative address, size embedded	u⁸_010_10_1101	SG_RR	string get, relative address, all operands in registers	0⁸_010_10_1101
Pulled: • #0 signed integer: offset Pushed: • #0 string: data retrieved u⁸ is how many bits to retrieve. If zero, SG_RR is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 signed integer: offset • #1 signed integer in 0…255: how many bits to retrieve Pushed: • #0 string: data retrieved
SG_RO_Y	string get, relative address, offset embedded, synchronized	s⁹_11_10_1101
Same as SG_RO, plus synchronization.
SG_RS_Y	string get, relative address, size embedded, synchronized	u⁸_110_10_1101	SG_RR_Y	string get, relative address, all operands in registers, synchronized	0⁸_110_10_1101
Same as SG_RS, plus synchronization. If u⁸ is zero, SG_RR_Y is performed instead.	Same as SG_RR, plus synchronization.

Put. (see also integer and float) These instructions pull a string from the stack and write it into genspace. The number of bits to write is equal to the size of the data, as indicated by a meta-register.

SP_A string put, absolute address 0⁸_000_01_1101
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer: the address to write in genspace
• #1 string: data to write
Pushed: none
##1_old is how many bits to write.
SP_A_Y string put, absolute address, synchronized 0⁸_100_01_1101
Same as SP_A, plus synchronization.
SP_RO string put, relative address, offset embedded s⁹_01_01_1101 SP_RR string put, relative address, all operands in registers 0⁸_010_01_1101
Pulled:
• #0 string, data to write
Pushed: none
##1_old is how many bits to write.
s⁹ is the offset. If null, SP_RR is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer: offset
• #1 string, data to write
Pushed: none
##1_old is how many bits to write.
SP_RO_Y string put, relative address, offset embedded, synchronized s⁹_11_01_1101 SP_RR_Y string put, relative address, all operands in registers, synchronized 0⁸_110_01_1101
Same as SP_RO, plus synchronization. If s⁹ is null, SP_RR_Y is performed instead. Same as SP_RR, plus synchronization.

SP_A	string put, absolute address	0⁸_000_01_1101
Pulled: • #0 signed integer: the address to write in genspace • #1 string: data to write Pushed: none ##1_old is how many bits to write.
SP_A_Y	string put, absolute address, synchronized	0⁸_100_01_1101
Same as SP_A, plus synchronization.
SP_RO	string put, relative address, offset embedded	s⁹_01_01_1101	SP_RR	string put, relative address, all operands in registers	0⁸_010_01_1101
Pulled: • #0 string, data to write Pushed: none ##1_old is how many bits to write. s⁹ is the offset. If null, SP_RR is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 signed integer: offset • #1 string, data to write Pushed: none ##1_old is how many bits to write.
SP_RO_Y	string put, relative address, offset embedded, synchronized	s⁹_11_01_1101	SP_RR_Y	string put, relative address, all operands in registers, synchronized	0⁸_110_01_1101
Same as SP_RO, plus synchronization. If s⁹ is null, SP_RR_Y is performed instead.	Same as SP_RR, plus synchronization.

Get and conditional put. (see also integer and float) The machine compares the string in genspace to the "old value" string. Then:

If they are equal, the "new value" string is written to genspace in place of the "old value", and the one-bit string 1 is pushed.
If they are unequal, genspace is not changed, and the one-bit string 0 is pushed.

If the "new value" and "old value" strings are not of the same size, an exception is thrown. Otherwise, their mutual size determines how many bits of genspace to read and possibly write.

SGP_A string get-and-put, absolute address 0⁸_000_11_1101
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer, the address to examine in genspace
• #1 string: the old value
• #2 string: the new value
Pushed:
• #0 one-bit string: result
SGP_A_Y string get-and-put, absolute address, synchronized 0⁸_100_11_1101
Same as SGP_A, plus synchronization.
SGP_RO string get-and-put, relative address, offset embedded s⁹_01_11_1101 SGP_RR string get-and-put, relative address, all operands in registers 0⁸_010_11_1101
Pulled:
• #0 string: the old value
• #1 string: the new value
Pushed:
• #0 one-bit string: result
s⁹ is the offset. If null, SG_PRR is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer: offset
• #1 string: the old value
• #2 string: the new value
Pushed:
• #0 one-bit string: result
SGP_RO_Y string get-and-put, relative address, offset embedded, synchronized s⁹_11_11_1101 SGP_RR_Y string get-and-put, relative address, all operands in registers, synchronized 0⁸_110_11_1101
Same as SGP_RO, plus synchronization. If s⁹ is null, SGP_RR_Y is performed instead. Same as SGP_RR, plus synchronization.

SGP_A	string get-and-put, absolute address	0⁸_000_11_1101
Pulled: • #0 signed integer, the address to examine in genspace • #1 string: the old value • #2 string: the new value Pushed: • #0 one-bit string: result
SGP_A_Y	string get-and-put, absolute address, synchronized	0⁸_100_11_1101
Same as SGP_A, plus synchronization.
SGP_RO	string get-and-put, relative address, offset embedded	s⁹_01_11_1101	SGP_RR	string get-and-put, relative address, all operands in registers	0⁸_010_11_1101
Pulled: • #0 string: the old value • #1 string: the new value Pushed: • #0 one-bit string: result s⁹ is the offset. If null, SG_PRR is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 signed integer: offset • #1 string: the old value • #2 string: the new value Pushed: • #0 one-bit string: result
SGP_RO_Y	string get-and-put, relative address, offset embedded, synchronized	s⁹_11_11_1101	SGP_RR_Y	string get-and-put, relative address, all operands in registers, synchronized	0⁸_110_11_1101
Same as SGP_RO, plus synchronization. If s⁹ is null, SGP_RR_Y is performed instead.	Same as SGP_RR, plus synchronization.

Versus. (see also integer and float) Two strings may be compared with each other. Lexicographic order is used, meaning that the strings are searched, starting at address 0 and moving toward higher addresses, until a difference is found. A bit value of 1 is deemed greater than a bit value of zero. If one string ends before a difference is found, the longer string is deemed greater than the shorter. The result of comparison is a string at #0, which contains 6 bits. Its contents are:

Address of bit within #0_new With SV_R, this bit equals 1 when … Comments
0 #0_old > #1_old never the same analogous to integer and float
1 #0_old ≤ #1_old
2 #0_old ≠ #1_old never the same
3 #0_old = #1_old
4 #0_old < #1_old never the same
5 #0_old ≥ #1_old

Address of bit within #0_new	With SV_R, this bit equals 1 when …	Comments
0	#0_old > #1_old	never the same	analogous to integer and float
1	#0_old ≤ #1_old
2	#0_old ≠ #1_old	never the same
3	#0_old = #1_old
4	#0_old < #1_old	never the same
5	#0_old ≥ #1_old

The result of a one-register comparison (SV_E) is the same as that of the two-register version (SV_R), except that the string embedded within the opcode is substituted for #1.

SV_E string versus, one operand embedded b⁹_1111_0101 SV_R string versus, both comparands in registers 0⁹_1111_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: comparand
Pushed:
• #0 6-bit string: the result
If b⁹ = 0⁹, SV_R is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: comparand
• #1 string: comparand
Pushed:
• #0 6-bit string: the result

SV_E	string versus, one operand embedded	b⁹_1111_0101	SV_R	string versus, both comparands in registers	0⁹_1111_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: comparand Pushed: • #0 6-bit string: the result If b⁹ = 0⁹, SV_R is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: comparand • #1 string: comparand Pushed: • #0 6-bit string: the result

Manufacture. These instructions push a string created from scratch.

SM_E0 string manufacture, size embedded, fill with zeroes u⁸_00000_0101 SM_R0 string manufacture, all operands in registers, fill with zeroes 0⁸_00000_0101
Pulled: none
Pushed:
• #0 string: full of zeroes
u⁸ is the size of #0_new. If zero, SM_R0 is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer in 0…255: size of #0_new
Pushed:
• #0 string: full of zeroes
SM_E1 string manufacture, size embedded, fill with ones u⁸_10000_0101 SM_R1 string manufacture, all operands in registers, fill with ones 0⁸_10000_0101
Pulled: none
Pushed:
• #0 string: full of ones
u⁸ is the size of #0_new. If zero, SM_R1 is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 signed integer in 0…255: size of #0_new
Pushed:
• #0 string: full of ones
SM_Z string manufacture, size zero 0¹¹1_01_001
Pulled: none
Pushed:
• #0 string: size zero
This is a renaming of the integer instruction IG_E with a null value embedded, which will trim to zero bits.

SM_E0	string manufacture, size embedded, fill with zeroes	u⁸_00000_0101	SM_R0	string manufacture, all operands in registers, fill with zeroes	0⁸_00000_0101
Pulled: none Pushed: • #0 string: full of zeroes u⁸ is the size of #0_new. If zero, SM_R0 is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 signed integer in 0…255: size of #0_new Pushed: • #0 string: full of zeroes
SM_E1	string manufacture, size embedded, fill with ones	u⁸_10000_0101	SM_R1	string manufacture, all operands in registers, fill with ones	0⁸_10000_0101
Pulled: none Pushed: • #0 string: full of ones u⁸ is the size of #0_new. If zero, SM_R1 is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 signed integer in 0…255: size of #0_new Pushed: • #0 string: full of ones
SM_Z	string manufacture, size zero	0¹¹1_01_001
Pulled: none Pushed: • #0 string: size zero This is a renaming of the integer instruction IG_E with a null value embedded, which will trim to zero bits.

Resize. The following operations resize a string. If the string is made larger, zeroes or ones are added on the right. If the string is made smaller, bits toward the right are truncated. Either way, bits with lower addresses are unchanged. If a string is being made smaller, SR_E0 and SR_E1 have the same effect, as do SR_R0 and SR_R1.

SR_E0 string resize, new size embedded, fill with zeroes u⁸_01000_0101 SR_R0 string resize, all operands in registers, fill with zeroes 0⁸_01000_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: in the old size
Pushed:
• #0 string: in the new size
u⁸ is the size of #0_new. If zero, SR_R0 is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: in the old size
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: size of #0_new
Pushed:
• #0 string: in the new size
SR_E1 string resize, new size embedded, fill with ones u⁸_11000_0101 SR_R1 string resize, all operands in registers, fill with ones 0⁸_11000_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: in the old size
Pushed:
• #0 string: in the new size
u⁸ is the size of #0_new. If zero, SR_R1 is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: in the old size
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: size of #0_new
Pushed:
• #0 string: in the new size

SR_E0	string resize, new size embedded, fill with zeroes	u⁸_01000_0101	SR_R0	string resize, all operands in registers, fill with zeroes	0⁸_01000_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: in the old size Pushed: • #0 string: in the new size u⁸ is the size of #0_new. If zero, SR_R0 is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: in the old size • #1 signed integer in 0…255: size of #0_new Pushed: • #0 string: in the new size
SR_E1	string resize, new size embedded, fill with ones	u⁸_11000_0101	SR_R1	string resize, all operands in registers, fill with ones	0⁸_11000_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: in the old size Pushed: • #0 string: in the new size u⁸ is the size of #0_new. If zero, SR_R1 is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: in the old size • #1 signed integer in 0…255: size of #0_new Pushed: • #0 string: in the new size

To resize a string to zero, delete the top item of the stack, and then perform SM_Z.

Circulate. Strings may be shifted within a register. If D the distance of shift, and A the old address of a bit, then the value of A is moved to address A + D if this sum would be both less than the size of the string, and greater than −1. Otherwise the bit is discarded. Bits that do not otherwise receive a value are set to 0 or 1 according to the instruction. Any nontrivial shift loses information, and if the magnitude of D exceeds the size of the string, all information is lost.

Strings may also be rotated. Let S be the size of the string (in other words ##0_old), D the distance of rotation, and A the old address of a bit. Then that bit's new address is (A + D) mod S. The effect is that, if one rotation is performed with distance D, and then another rotation with distance −D, the original string is produced; a rotation never loses information. If S = 0, an exception is thrown.

The final instruction simply reverses the sequence of bits.

SC_SE0 string circulate shift, distance embedded, fill with zeroes s⁹_1011_0101 SC_SR0 string circulate shift, distance in register, fill with zeroes 0⁸1_1011_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: before shift
Pushed:
• #0 string: after shift
The first 9 bits of the opcode are the distance of shift, a signed integer. If s⁹ is null, SC_SR0 is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: before shift
• #1 signed integer: distance to shift (need not be in −255…+255, but a null throws an exception)
Pushed:
• #0 string: after shift
SC_SE1 string circulate shift, distance embedded, fill with ones s⁹_0011_0101 SC_SR1 string circulate shift, distance in register, fill with ones 0⁸1_0011_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: before shift
Pushed:
• #0 string: after shift
The first 9 bits of the opcode are the distance of shift, a signed integer. If s⁹ is null, SC_SR1 is performed instead..
Pulled:
• #0 string: before shift
• #1 signed integer: distance to shift (need not be in −255…+255, but a null throws an exception)
Pushed:
• #0 string: after shift
SC_RE string circulate rotate, distance embedded s⁹_0111_0101 SC_RR string circulate rotate, distance in register 0⁸1_0111_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: before rotation
Pushed:
• #0 string: after rotation
The first 9 bits of the opcode are the distance of rotation, a signed integer. If s⁹ is null, SC_RR is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: before rotation
• #1 signed integer: distance to rotate (need not be in −255…+255, but a null throws an exception)
Pushed:
• #0 string: after rotation
SC_B string circulate backwards ?_11_000_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: operand
Pushed:
• #0 string: result

SC_SE0	string circulate shift, distance embedded, fill with zeroes	s⁹_1011_0101	SC_SR0	string circulate shift, distance in register, fill with zeroes	0⁸1_1011_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: before shift Pushed: • #0 string: after shift The first 9 bits of the opcode are the distance of shift, a signed integer. If s⁹ is null, SC_SR0 is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: before shift • #1 signed integer: distance to shift (need not be in −255…+255, but a null throws an exception) Pushed: • #0 string: after shift
SC_SE1	string circulate shift, distance embedded, fill with ones	s⁹_0011_0101	SC_SR1	string circulate shift, distance in register, fill with ones	0⁸1_0011_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: before shift Pushed: • #0 string: after shift The first 9 bits of the opcode are the distance of shift, a signed integer. If s⁹ is null, SC_SR1 is performed instead..	Pulled: • #0 string: before shift • #1 signed integer: distance to shift (need not be in −255…+255, but a null throws an exception) Pushed: • #0 string: after shift
SC_RE	string circulate rotate, distance embedded	s⁹_0111_0101	SC_RR	string circulate rotate, distance in register	0⁸1_0111_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: before rotation Pushed: • #0 string: after rotation The first 9 bits of the opcode are the distance of rotation, a signed integer. If s⁹ is null, SC_RR is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: before rotation • #1 signed integer: distance to rotate (need not be in −255…+255, but a null throws an exception) Pushed: • #0 string: after rotation
SC_B	string circulate backwards	?_11_000_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: operand Pushed: • #0 string: result

No instruction of the circulate family changes the size of a string.

Overwrite. These instructions replace a contiguous segment of the superstring with some substring. A part of the old value of the superstring is lost. An exception is thrown if the substring will not fit into the superstring at the location requested.

SO_L string overwrite, location embedded u⁸_100_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 string: substring
Pushed:
• #0 result string
u⁸ is the address within the superstring to start writing the zeroes.
SO_S string overwrite, substring embedded b⁹_1001_0101 SO_R string overwrite, all operands in registers 0⁹_1001_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer in −255…+255: n (throws exception if out of range)
Pushed:
• #0 result string
b⁹ is string to be retrived, as in the table for SG_E. If b⁹ = 0⁹, SO_R is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 string: substring
• #2 signed integer in −255…+255: n (throws exception if out of range)
Pushed:
• #0 result string
#2 is the location at which the substring begins to be written.
SO_0L string overwrite with zeroes, location embedded u⁸_001_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: how many zeroes to write
Pushed:
• #0 result string
u⁸ is the address within the superstring to start writing the zeroes.
SO_0Q string overwrite with zeroes, quantity to write embedded u⁸_101_10_0101 SO_0R string overwrite with zeroes, all operands in registers 0⁸_101_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: starting location
Pushed:
• #0 result string
u⁸ is how many zeroes to write. If zero, SO_0R is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: starting location
• #2 signed integer in 0…255: how many zeroes to write
Pushed:
• #0 result string
SO_1L string overwrite with ones, location embedded u⁸_011_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: how many ones to write
Pushed:
• #0 result string
u⁸ is the address within the superstring to start writing the ones.
SO_1Q string overwrite with ones, quantity to write embedded u⁸_111_10_0101 SO_1R string overwrite with ones, all operands in registers 0⁸_111_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: starting location
Pushed:
• #0 result string
u⁸ is how many ones to write. If zero, SO_1R is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer in 0…255: starting location
• #2 signed integer in 0…255: how many ones to write
Pushed:
• #0 result string

SO_L	string overwrite, location embedded	u⁸_100_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 string: substring Pushed: • #0 result string u⁸ is the address within the superstring to start writing the zeroes.
SO_S	string overwrite, substring embedded	b⁹_1001_0101	SO_R	string overwrite, all operands in registers	0⁹_1001_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer in −255…+255: n (throws exception if out of range) Pushed: • #0 result string b⁹ is string to be retrived, as in the table for SG_E. If b⁹ = 0⁹, SO_R is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 string: substring • #2 signed integer in −255…+255: n (throws exception if out of range) Pushed: • #0 result string #2 is the location at which the substring begins to be written.
SO_0L	string overwrite with zeroes, location embedded	u⁸_001_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer in 0…255: how many zeroes to write Pushed: • #0 result string u⁸ is the address within the superstring to start writing the zeroes.
SO_0Q	string overwrite with zeroes, quantity to write embedded	u⁸_101_10_0101	SO_0R	string overwrite with zeroes, all operands in registers	0⁸_101_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer in 0…255: starting location Pushed: • #0 result string u⁸ is how many zeroes to write. If zero, SO_0R is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer in 0…255: starting location • #2 signed integer in 0…255: how many zeroes to write Pushed: • #0 result string
SO_1L	string overwrite with ones, location embedded	u⁸_011_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer in 0…255: how many ones to write Pushed: • #0 result string u⁸ is the address within the superstring to start writing the ones.
SO_1Q	string overwrite with ones, quantity to write embedded	u⁸_111_10_0101	SO_1R	string overwrite with ones, all operands in registers	0⁸_111_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer in 0…255: starting location Pushed: • #0 result string u⁸ is how many ones to write. If zero, SO_1R is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer in 0…255: starting location • #2 signed integer in 0…255: how many ones to write Pushed: • #0 result string

Extract. A substring may be extracted from a superstring. An exception is thrown if any bit requested has an address less than zero, or not less than the size of the superstring.

SE_A string extract, starting address embedded u⁸_010_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer: how many bits to extract
Pushed:
• #0 string: substring
u⁸ is the starting address.
SE_S string extract, size embedded u⁸_110_10_0101 SE_R string extract, all operands in registers 0⁸_110_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer: starting address
Pushed:
• #0 string: substring
u⁸ is how many bits to extract. If zero, SE_R is performed instead,
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer: starting address
• #2 signed integer: how many bits to extract
Pushed:
• #0 string: substring

SE_A	string extract, starting address embedded	u⁸_010_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer: how many bits to extract Pushed: • #0 string: substring u⁸ is the starting address.
SE_S	string extract, size embedded	u⁸_110_10_0101	SE_R	string extract, all operands in registers	0⁸_110_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer: starting address Pushed: • #0 string: substring u⁸ is how many bits to extract. If zero, SE_R is performed instead,	Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer: starting address • #2 signed integer: how many bits to extract Pushed: • #0 string: substring

An exception is thrown if any bit of the extract would be before the first bit of #1_old, or after the first bit of #1_old.

Find. The first eight instructions search a superstring to find an instance of a substring. If the substring is longer than the superstring, it cannot be found, but that is no cause to throw an exception. The final two instructions tell how many times the substring appears, but not where it is.

string find, location of ith instance of substring, starting at bit b …
SF_IR … and proceeding to the right, i embedded u⁸_11100_0101 SF_BR … and proceeding to the right, b embedded u⁸_01100_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 string: substring
• #2 signed integer: b
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 string: substring
• #2 signed integer: i
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
SF_BR … and proceeding to the right, substring embedded b⁹_1101_0101 SF_RR … and proceeding to the right, all operands in registers 0⁹_1101_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer: i
• #2 signed integer: b
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
If b⁹ = 0⁹, SF_RR is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 string: substring
• #2 signed integer: i
• #3 signed integer: b
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
SF_IL … and proceeding to the left, i embedded u⁸_10100_0101 SF_BL … and proceeding to the left, b embedded u⁸_00100_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 string: substring
• #2 signed integer: b
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 string: substring
• #2 signed integer: i
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
SF_BL … and proceeding to the left, substring embedded b⁹_0101_0101 SF_RL … and proceeding to the left, all operands in registers 0⁹_0101_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 signed integer: i
• #2 signed integer: b
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
If b⁹ = 0⁹, SF_RL is performed instead.
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 string: substring
• #2 signed integer: i
• #3 signed integer: b
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found

string find, location of ith instance of substring, starting at bit b …
SF_IR	… and proceeding to the right, i embedded	u⁸_11100_0101	SF_BR	… and proceeding to the right, b embedded	u⁸_01100_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 string: substring • #2 signed integer: b Pushed: • #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found	Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 string: substring • #2 signed integer: i Pushed: • #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
SF_BR	… and proceeding to the right, substring embedded	b⁹_1101_0101	SF_RR	… and proceeding to the right, all operands in registers	0⁹_1101_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer: i • #2 signed integer: b Pushed: • #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found If b⁹ = 0⁹, SF_RR is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 string: substring • #2 signed integer: i • #3 signed integer: b Pushed: • #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
SF_IL	… and proceeding to the left, i embedded	u⁸_10100_0101	SF_BL	… and proceeding to the left, b embedded	u⁸_00100_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 string: substring • #2 signed integer: b Pushed: • #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found	Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 string: substring • #2 signed integer: i Pushed: • #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found
SF_BL	… and proceeding to the left, substring embedded	b⁹_0101_0101	SF_RL	… and proceeding to the left, all operands in registers	0⁹_0101_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 signed integer: i • #2 signed integer: b Pushed: • #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found If b⁹ = 0⁹, SF_RL is performed instead.	Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 string: substring • #2 signed integer: i • #3 signed integer: b Pushed: • #0 signed integer: address of instance of #1_old, or null if not found

SF_QE string find, quantity of instances of substring, substring embedded b⁹_0001_0101 SF_QR string find, quantity of instances of substring, substring in register 0⁹_0001_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: how many times b⁹ appears within #0_old.
b⁹ is the substring to seek, unless b⁹ = 0⁹, in which case SF_QR is performed instead. If b⁹ = 10⁸, then #0_new = 1 + ##0_old.
Pulled:
• #0 string: superstring
• #1 string: substring
Pushed:
• #0 signed integer: how many times #1_old appears within #0_old.
If ##1_old = 0, then #0_new = 1 + ##0_old.

SF_QE	string find, quantity of instances of substring, substring embedded	b⁹_0001_0101	SF_QR	string find, quantity of instances of substring, substring in register	0⁹_0001_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: superstring Pushed: • #0 signed integer: how many times b⁹ appears within #0_old. b⁹ is the substring to seek, unless b⁹ = 0⁹, in which case SF_QR is performed instead. If b⁹ = 10⁸, then #0_new = 1 + ##0_old.	Pulled: • #0 string: superstring • #1 string: substring Pushed: • #0 signed integer: how many times #1_old appears within #0_old. If ##1_old = 0, then #0_new = 1 + ##0_old.

Join. Catenation is simple:

SJ string join ?_01_000_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: going to lower-order bits
• #1 string: going to higher-order bits
Pushed:
• #0 combined string

SJ	string join	?_01_000_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: going to lower-order bits • #1 string: going to higher-order bits Pushed: • #0 combined string

Boolean. The first instruction changes every bit of the string:

SB_N string boolean not ?_10_000_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: the operand
Pushed:
• #0 string: the result

SB_N	string boolean not	?_10_000_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: the operand Pushed: • #0 string: the result

The next instruction preforms the usual boolean operations bit-by-bit on two strings, if they are the same size. If not the same, an exception is thrown.

SB_O string boolean, operation embedded b⁴_?_00_000_10_0101
Pulled:
• #0 string: an operand
• #1 string: an operand
Pushed:
• #0 string: the result

SB_O	string boolean, operation embedded	b⁴_?_00_000_10_0101
Pulled: • #0 string: an operand • #1 string: an operand Pushed: • #0 string: the result

The four operation bits within the opcode are interpreted thus:

Bit pattern Value is 1 when … Bit pattern Value is 1 when …
0000 never 1111 always
0001 #0 = 1 and #1 = 1 1110 #0 = 0 or #1 = 0
0010 #0 = 1 and #1 = 0 1101 #0 = 0 or #1 = 1
0011 #0 = 1 1100 #0 = 0
0100 #0 = 0 and #1 = 1 1011 #0 = 1 or #1 = 0
0101 #1 = 1 1010 #1 = 0
0110 #0 ≠ #1 1001 #0 = #1
0111 #0 = 1 or #1 = 1 1000 #0 = 0 and #1 = 0

Bit pattern	Value is 1 when …	Bit pattern	Value is 1 when …
0000	never	1111	always
0001	#0 = 1 and #1 = 1	1110	#0 = 0 or #1 = 0
0010	#0 = 1 and #1 = 0	1101	#0 = 0 or #1 = 1
0011	#0 = 1	1100	#0 = 0
0100	#0 = 0 and #1 = 1	1011	#0 = 1 or #1 = 0
0101	#1 = 1	1010	#1 = 0
0110	#0 ≠ #1	1001	#0 = #1
0111	#0 = 1 or #1 = 1	1000	#0 = 0 and #1 = 0